Real Madrid's profitability continued to grow during the epidemic period, making it a rare club in Europe to still be profitable during COVID-19. Based on this event, the purpose of this exploration was to exploare what kind of management style and business strategy Real Madrid used during the epidemic period of 2019–2022. Using Real Madrid as a case study, this paper analyzed the information sources applied to Real Madrid's revenues in different aspects as well as Real Madrid's business formula. The first reason was Real Madrid's market management philosophy, and the corresponding recommendation was to increase fan loyalty by strengthening the development of the players and improving the rights of the fans, along with digital marketing tools. The second reason was Real Madrid's excellent youth training system, and the corresponding recommendation was to make more use of modern data analysis systems to track the development of each player. The third reason was Real Madrid's team culture, and the recommendation was to utilize the celebrity effect to promote the team's culture. The main objective of such an exploration was to help national soccer clubs learn from Real Madrid's successful management model to improve their profitability.

This article primarily used Cristiano Ronaldo's 2018 transfer to Juventus F.C. Club as a case study to analyze and summarize how the star effect brought about by Cristiano Ronaldo in this event promotes the development of the football economy while empowering socio-economic development. Through case analysis, this article concluded in three aspects. In the football industry sector, the signing of football stars had positive effects on both the team and the league. It was recommended that the league and clubs introduce players with strong personal abilities as needed and actively exert their social influence to promote the development and improvement of the club and league. In the social development sector, the joining of football stars will promote the development of related industries. It was recommended that all regions attach importance to the development of football and actively promote the empowerment of the football economy in the social economy. At the same time, there were certain shortcomings in the model of empowering economic development through sports stars. It was recommended that players establish a good social image and moral literacy.

An independent central bank constitutes a veto actor in the political process itself and has the potential to limit the autonomy of the State (Government). In cases where the preferences of the state and the central bank diverge, the resulting authoritative actions will be influenced by the political structure of the respective country. Where changes in the domestic political system are difficult to achieve, the state can change the existing equilibrium between the central bank and the government by engaging in international regimes and international negotiations and evolving this equilibrium in the direction of greater state autonomy. This paper adopts a case study approach to propose a domestic political logic for international monetary policy choices by analyzing the relationship between international monetary co-operation, central bank independence and national autonomy, and uses the political game between the central central bank and the central government within Germany and the outcome to verify this view, thus providing a political science explanation for the relationship between German monetary politics and European monetary integration. The European Central Bank after the formation of the Union inherited the independence of the German central bank, and while assuming its responsibility for monetary stabilization and economic development, it gradually transcended the scope of its monetary functions and transformed itself from a purely technical institution to an important political player in the regional political and economic arena in the process of the already existing institutional constraints and changes in the economic situation.

More than just a part of the economic landscape, retailing has a profound impact on society, culture, and the market economy. As an integral part of the economic ecosystem, retailing provides goods and services to consumers and is also an enabler of economic growth, closely linked to other industries. Global retail giants play an important role in international trade by increasing supply chain transparency and encouraging suppliers to comply with ethical labor practices and environmental standards. This commitment to sustainability and social responsibility is consistent with the emphasis on fair labor practices and environmental stewardship in international trade norms. However, significant challenges arise when confronted with the trade-off between national interests and the interests of transnational corporations on the global stage. Governments often aim to protect domestic industries and jobs, which may conflict with the interests of global retailers in having smooth access to global markets. Finding the right balance between these interests remains a perennial challenge in international trade discussions. In addition, the burgeoning trade war between the United States and China has had varying degrees of impact on the retail industry. Therefore, this dissertation will delve into the new challenges and changes faced by retail giants in the context of the trade war.

With the deepening of economic globalization, its impact on labour law has attracted increasing attention, bringing with it both opportunities and challenges, and this article focuses on some of the issues that arise. Based on the Rana Plaza collapse case in 2013, the authors use a combination of economic and legal literature to analyse the causes and consequences of failing to address three issues: unfair treatment, supply chain expansion, and the new form of work, “gig work”. The study found that the causes of the three problems are strongly related to the neglect of labour rights by multinational enterprises in the pursuit of maximum profits in a globalized economy. If the world does not address this in a timely manner, it will have a significant negative impact on labour mobility and on the future of labour-enabled economic development. The paper therefore suggests that countries can achieve a healthy and sustainable workforce by strengthening international cooperation, leveraging the role of international organizations while empowering civil society trade unions, and continuously improving labour laws, thereby contributing to sustainable economic development and social justice.

Because there are huge differences between Chinese and Western ideology and cultural development, but the current trend of economic globalization is irrecontradicable, so it is helpful to introduce foreign investment while insisting on domestic enterprises going global. However, when introducing foreign investment, it is inevitable to encounter many problems, such as not being controlled by the Chinese government or being too strong in foreign investment, which will drive our domestic enterprises to the brink. At the same time, these foreign investments can play their role in China's land and promote its economic development. This requires the rulers to formulate a package of fair and effective policies to promote its development. The two major fields of education and healthcare are related to the ideology and physical health of the people, and therefore are the foundation and foundation of the country. In order to ensure the long-term prosperity of the country and social stability, it is necessary to attach great importance to the guidance of these two aspects. It is necessary to consider the entry of foreign investment into China as a good thing. Meanwhile, it is a good way to allow foreign investment to play a positive role in promoting technological change and capital flow in these two fields. At the same time, it is necessary to control the power of capital and not let it control the foundation of our country, as this will shake national security.

With the rapid development of Internet technology, electronic trade has become a significant player in the national and global economy. This thesis examines the complex issues surrounding intellectual property rights (IPR) in cross-border electronic trade. The rapid growth of internet technology has led to an increase in transnational economic disputes, particularly in online shopping platforms and e-commerce websites. The presence of pirated products, trademark counterfeiting, brand infringement, and copyright protection are major concerns in this context. Several factors contribute to these disputes, including different legal systems, cultural backgrounds, economic development levels, conflicting interests of countries, and varying stakeholder attitudes towards IPR protection. Notable cases, such as the Apple-Samsung patent dispute and the challenges faced by Alibaba regarding counterfeit goods, highlight the need for comprehensive solutions to safeguard IPR in a globalized marketplace. The thesis also explores how technology can contribute to addressing these challenges. Blockchain technology can provide enhanced security, transparency, and efficiency in managing intellectual property rights. Big data and artificial intelligence can automate the analysis and monitoring of digital content, enabling faster identification and action against infringement. Establishing global collaborative IP protection platforms and innovative dispute resolution mechanisms are also crucial steps forward.

This paper presents an in-depth analysis of the correlation between China’s manufacturing PMI and private equity investment from 2015 to 2022, utilizing correlation and regression analysis methods based on both overall and structural data. The findings reveal a moderate correlation between manufacturing PMI and private equity investment. Specifically, manufacturing PMI demonstrates a predictive effect on private equity investment, with a lead time of one to two quarters. This accounts for 27.7% of the variation in private equity investment. Furthermore, employing the VAR model, this study observes a significant positive effect of manufacturing PMI on private equity investment, with significant positive impacts found during the two and six lagged periods. These results align with the leading indicator characteristic of PMI and suggest that private equity investment serves as a “barometer” for the capital market. Additionally, this paper investigates the correlation between manufacturing PMI and different stages of private equity investments (early, venture capital (VC), and PE investments) while also analyzing the correlation between manufacturing PMI and private equity investments from different funding sources, including RMB and foreign currency private equity investments. The results indicate that, akin to private equity investment in general, early, VC, and PE investments exhibit varying degrees of correlation with manufacturing PMI. Moreover, foreign currency private equity investment demonstrates a stronger correlation with manufacturing PMI compared to RMB private equity investment.

In response to the escalating depletion of fossil fuel reserves and the detrimental environmental impacts of conventional internal combustion engine vehicles, the global automotive industry is undergoing a transformative shift towards clean, sustainable, and energy-efficient new energy vehicles (NEVs). This article scrutinizes the remarkable ascent of Ideal Cars, a prominent player in the burgeoning Chinese NEV market. In light of these developments, this scholarly examination explores the multifaceted determinants underpinning Ideal Cars' remarkable trajectory, encompassing its foundational evolution, distinctive technological orientation, nuanced user-centric approach, financial performance, scene-based marketing strategies, and innovative organizational structure. This comprehensive analysis underscores the imperative nature of consumer-oriented product design, the psychological aspects of consumer satisfaction, and the paramount influence of market dynamics in shaping the success of high-end automotive ventures. Ideal Cars' unprecedented journey serves as an instructive case study for the prospective evolution of the NEV industry in China and globally.

In the context of globalization, one country’s economic growth is affected by the internationally traded goods and services and cross-border investments. It is known that in countries, especially the developing countries, foreign direct investment (FDI) plays a very transcendent role in realizing economic expansion and fostering development by supplying capital in need. This paper examined whether Bolivia´s economy is in conformity with the expectation for FDI by using time-series data from 1990 to 2018. The multiple regression analysis reflects a positive relationship, which is statistically significant, between foreign direct investment, economic size, and total exports in Bolivia. The Granger causuality test supports FDI’s effect on exports but does not find causuality for GDP. Therefore, we propose a long-term policy support for FDI to drive future Bolivian economic growth as well as its export expansion.